minorities influence majority opinion primarily through

A look at how social influence affects opinions and behavior. Status, ideology, and integrative complexity on the US Supreme Court: rethinking the politics of decision making. Although they effectively changed their numerical position, the new majority phenomenologically reacted as if they still had been in a minority, reluctant to make a salto mortale into the unknown of the new position (Moscovici, October 31 2008, personal correspondence). Social influence is the perpetual competition that shapes social relations by targeting social attitudes. eds. Newcomers as change agents: Minority influence in task groups, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. eds. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 363394. Web-pooled knowledge -diverse perspectives -others can challenge us to think deeper and more creatively group decision making (disadvantages) -individuals have group goals besides Eur. J. Pers. Vol. These initially created positions either remained stable throughout the groups interactions or were reversed when, halfway through the groups interactions, several opponents (supporters) switched their alliances to support (oppose) the participant. Take our 5-minute anger test to find out if you're angry! d. guilt and shame. These circumstances cannot be easily organized in a unifying model within either the information processing (persuasion) framework (but see Martin and Hewstone, 2008) or the interacting group framework, much less under an omnibus framework. Critical thinkingis discouraged, with dissenters being ostracised by the majority. The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. The many advantages associated with majority positions, along with the many disadvantages associated with minority positions (for reviews, see Prislin and Wood, 2005; Prislin and Christensen, 2005a), fuel minorities attempts at social change. Contends that in most studies comparing majority and minority influence, there is an emphasis on influence in the sense of prevailing. Within this context, evidence exists that majorities exert more public influence and that minority influence, when it occurs, tends to operate primarily at the latent level. These are but some of the important questions that await answers. Crano, W. D. (2010). Latan, B. Minority Influence on Focal and Related Attitudes: Change in Size, Attributions, and Information Processing. Turning, or rather, returning to the original observation that the raison dtre for minority influence is social change points to a promising direction. a request to donate to a charitable organization. have strong norms about how people should behave. An example of this would be when a green group promotes responsible behavior,such as recycling, as a way of protecting wildlife. To understand social change, it is necessary to study influence efforts as they occur over time, in dynamic exchanges between group factions, which seek to influence for various reasons. V. C. Ottati, R. S. Scott, J. Edwards, F. B. Bryant, L. Heath, and D. C. OConnell, et al. (1986). Psychol. Yet, most studies on social influence, including minority influence, are one-time affairs that examine the effects of single appeals or single group encounters at a discrete point in time. Whilst minority influence has led to their internalisation of environmentalist ideas, they reject the notion that the group was responsible for their new recycling routine and maintain a negative view of the minority group. Soc. Soc. Tight cultures differ from loose cultures in that they. None of the proposed models, however, has been tested empirically outside of computational simulations. The challenge may be great but not insurmountable. Pers. Minority and majority influence in freely interacting groups: qualitative versus quantitative differences. (2011). A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. Without considering time, some questions are never asked and important phenomena are poorly understood. Prislin, R., Crowder, M., and Donnelly, K. (2017). eds. Mugny, G. (1982). These hypotheses were tested in a program of research whose multiple studies employed the following procedure: Each study included an experimental creation of opinion-based minority and majority factions within a group. Several integrative models profitably combine the information processing and social identity approaches, capitalizing on their complementary strengths (Prez and Mugny, 1996; Crano, 2001). Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. Unlike majority influence, minority influence can rarely J. M. Levine and M. A. Hogg (Sage), 566570. Computational modeling and simulations suggest that indirect minority influence yields gradual social change and diversity, whereas cultural drift generates rapid social change and polarization in a society (Jung et al., 2021). Jury trials: psychology and law, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. The number of members within a group expressing a minority opinion also affects the level of influence that they are able to exert on the remaining members. Moscovici, S. (1994). Papastamou, S., Gardikiotis, A., and Prodromitis, G. Social Influence and Social Change. Is there a purpose behind our dreams and nightmares? Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes, and Consequences. 2. eds. 15, 323355. Elites efforts at influence are likely to be directed toward preserving, not changing, the status quo. This private conversion may cautiously be communicated to others, thus, gradually becoming public. Psychol. P. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, and E. T. Higgins (Los Angeles: Sage), 362378. Gordijn et al (2002) found that a minority was less influential when the number of members expressing an opinion remained constant or decreased, compared to when members perceived the minority to be increasing in numbers. Also, it has informed efforts to address such important issues as jury deliberations (Nemeth, 1981), minority victimization (Moscovici and Prez, 2007), terrorism (Chen and Kruglanski, 2009), educational reform (Butera et al., 2021), climate change (Bolderdijk and Jans, 2021), and dietary practices (De Groeve and Rosenfeld, 2022). Soc. As nothing stands still, any groups position is only temporary. Nemeth, C. J. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1037/h0046408. Sign Up. Similarly, although minorities may partially satisfy their motive for social acceptance within their faction, to be fully integrated within a group, they must seek broader acceptance. Vol. (1990). The effects of majority size on minority influence. Worse, we now talk about cross-racial fertility rates Darwinistically, as if the census were monitoring a population of elephant seals in competition for a rookery. Toward a theory of conversion behavior, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 117, 497529. Minority dissent and team innovation: the importance of participation in decision making. This study examined reactions to minority and majority positions that were either stable or reversed through group conversion that transformed opponents Soc. Prislin, R., and Crano, W. D. (2012). eds. They do so for a variety of reasons, which fuel their influence efforts and shape their influence strategies. So, it was not so equally balanced as it was again in Punjab and Bengal. eds. Vol. Group conversion versus group expansion as modes of change in majority and minority positions: All losses hurt but only some gains gratify. Because of the earlier discussed asymmetry in reactions to losses and gains, the presumed intensely negative reactions of the former majorities, but only mildly positive reactions of the former minorities, should render the group weak immediately after experiencing social change via conversion. At the same time, their behavior style invites an attributional analysis that forces a majority to consider the merits of the minoritys non-normative position. (New York: Academic Press), 175192. In contrast, studies of interacting groups tasked with reaching a consensual decision have frequently demonstrated publicly stated, direct changes in opinions toward focal issues of minority advocacy (Paicheler and Flath, 1988; Smith et al., 1996). Shared reality: Motivated connection and motivated cognition, in Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles. ^Whereas every social change originates from minorities, it does not mean that every minority invariably seeks social change. 17, 475482. Psychol. Successful conversion of a sufficient number of group members to the minority position reverses positions (majority minority), representing a loss for the former majority and a gain for the former minority. Therefore, the minority is unable to exert a normative influence on other members. Prislin, R. (2010). To ensure that only unique empirical studies were counted, care was taken not to double-count studies that were published in journals and later summarized in book chapters or vice versa. Minority influence: From groups to attitudes and back again, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. In what appeared a vicious circle of influence failures, these sources became decreasingly convincing in their advocacy with increasingly negative feedback they received. Cultural drift, indirect minority influence, network structure, and their impacts on cultural change and diversity. Eur. Whereas these two motives for exerting social influence fit the classical dual-motive scheme for responding to social influence (Deutsch and Gerard, 1955), the third, social control motive has been largely neglected in the social influence literature. 6. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press), 209239. Soc. Moscovici, S., and Faucheux, C. (1972). Majority influence occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social group prevail. Learn to interpret the hidden meanings behind the themes of your dreams and nightmares. Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. A) public compliance B) obedience to authority C) ideomotor action D) informational social influence Correct Answer: Access For Free Review Later P. A. van Lange, E. T. Higgins, and A. W. Kruglanski (New York: Guilford Press), 181201. Juliet is in a committed romantic relationship with Romeo, but her parents have forbidden her to date him any longer. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.93.1.23. Rev. 19, 257276. Gordijn, E. H., de Vries, N. K. and de Dreu, C. K. W. (2002). Integration or acceptance presumes integration with others into the same category, not giving in to others to join their category (Brewer, 1991). As a result, the group should be weakened in the immediate aftermath of social change. This idea invigorated research 83, 10951102. What began as a minority view becomes a majority view as morepeople adopt it. This idea invigorated research on social influence, which is evident in a subsequent outburst of studies on minority influence up to the 1990s, followed by a decrease and stabilization in the 2000s and 2010s. Prislin, R., and Wood, W. (2005). E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 191210. Overcoming the obstacles that moved minority influence research away from elucidating social change is a greater challenge. Yet, no amount of normative or pragmatic pressure can extinguish minorities. Social change in the aftermath of successful minority influence. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.2.189. eds. Struggle to keep conversations alive? Number of studies on minority influence per decade. Since then, for a certain subset of Americans, each annual release by the bureau neutral, nonpartisan researchers who produce deliberately staid reports has become a sort of countdown to the white apocalypse. 93, 2332. The effects of social change within a group on membership preferences: to leave or not to leave. 67, 519. Rev. This socio-cognitive conflict may be resolved over time such that some majority members privately adopt the minority position. 13:911654. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654. Studies in self-categorization and minority conversion: Is being a member of the out-group an advantage? eds. Sci. Itslike in the Milgramstudies in which people were less Bull. Try the easy-to-remember FORM technique, A new study claims that appreciation of black humor is a sign of intelligence, Asch: Social Influence, Conforming in Groups. Lest we succumb to the same trap, it is worth remembering that every social change, including those that turned disastrous for the world (e.g., Nazi movement), was originated by a minority. Yet, maturity appears to come at the expense of vigor. she will become even more committed to Romeo. When accompanied with a sense of group efficacy, they fuel social actions aimed as social change that will improve minority (disadvantaged) groups conditions (for review, see van Zomeren, 2015, see also Klandermans, 1997). In a 1969 study, participants were presented with a number of slides, and were asked to identify the color shown in each slide in the company of other participants. 115, 323345. Justin Gest (@_JustinGest) is an associate professor of policy and government at George Mason Universitys Schar School of Policy and Government. Personal. The field took notice. 53, 4152. Crano, W. D., and Chen, X. Vol. WebPeople who hold a minority view tend to change the majority opinion through a. normative social influence. Psychol. The dynamic nature of social influence is additionally evident in its multidirectionality, with multiple factions within a group competing to prevail. doi: 10.1177/1088868314546489, Gruenfeld, D. H. (1995). Levine, J. M., and Prislin, R. (2013). Political systems, scientific paradigms, religious dogmas, art movements, and fashion styles are all changed by active minorities who successfully challenge the status quo and offer an alternative (Moscovici and Faucheux, 1972; Moscovici, 1976). Taking the number of published studies as a readily available, however imperfect, indicator of vigor, the findings are telling. It involves an individual or minority of a population persuading other members to accept their argument, even if this contradicts the more popular view held by the majority. (2001). Because of the status white people retain in American society, a degree of privilege and belonging still awaits those who can claim it. An earlier analysis of this index has identified 238 unique empirical studies on minority influence published between 1960, when the foundational research on minority influence first appeared, and December 2011 (see Prislin et al., 2017). For example, minorities motivated to be socially validated and those motivated to gain social control are likely to pursue social change seeking converts to their position to transform themselves to a majority (minority majority). The acts of claiming and developing land and defending it against the forces of nature all constituted rites of passage that transformed foreigners into Americans. Conversion vs. tolerance: minority-focused influence strategies can affect group loyalty. The minority influence of the manager challenges those majority-held views, and results in the questioning of dated practices. Psychol. In 2015, the Census Bureau published a report projecting that by 2044, the United States white majority would become merely a white plurality: immigration and fertility trends would lead to Americas ethnic and racial minorities outnumbering its white population. Soc. Psychol. (1990). Charlan Nemeth, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, argues a further difference between minority and majority influence. 97, 811822. These patterns of socially regulated persuasiveness were documented by coding video-taped sources verbal advocacy (Study 1) and by coding their written advocacy as well as an independent audiences reactions to their written advocacy (Study 2). Their simultaneous activation in simulated interactions ultimately yields a system settled into a pattern of overall convergence in social attitudes but importantly, with some clustering of factions holding minority positions (Latan and Nowak, 1997). Many Hispanics identify as white, and marriages between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites make up more than 40 percent of recent interracial marriages. Even a revolutionary change progresses to its culminating tipping point after a period of build-up that requires time. It remained consistently high over time. In government, lobbyists representing a minority such as a company, charity or trade body seek to influence the views of legislators by publishing research which supports the interests of that minority. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Opin. Latan, B., and Nowak, A. As stated earlier, every social change is initially a minoritys idea.6 To understand motives behind minorities pursuit of social change, it is useful to compare their position to that of their majority counterparts. In the subsequent decades, scores of studies have tested (Wood et al., 1994), expanded (Nemeth and Walacher, 1983; De Dreu and West, 2001), and challenged (Latan and Wolf, 1981; Tanford and Penrod, 1984) Moscovicis ideas. About doi: 10.1177/1948550610377238, Prislin, R., Brewer, M., and Wilson, D. J. An important feature of this procedure is that participants actively experienced their social position within the interacting group. Group Processes. Our history shows that Americas demographic boundaries evolve with the countrys composition. This original momentum may subsequently garner greater support and even turn majorities into advocates for change who, in the process of social cryptomnesia, often forget its originators (Mugny and Prez, 1989). Similarly, reactions to social influence are typically assessed once at a single point in time. Maass et al (1982) found that, when a minority is seen as acting in its own self-interests or an individuals attempts at persuasion are perceived as being motivated by personal gain, other members are more likely to dismiss their opinions.

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